Quiz Chapter 2: Respiration

1. Which respiratory condition is characterized by the breakdown and loss of elasticity of alveolar walls, leading to reduced surface area for gas exchange?

1. Emphysema
2. Asthma
3. Bronchitis
4. Lung cancer

2. Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke is dangerous because it:

1. Destroys the cilia lining the trachea
2. Binds tightly to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport in the blood
3. Causes uncontrolled division of lung cells
4. Forms an acidic solution that corrodes bronchial walls

3. Which adaptation of the human alveolus directly shortens the distance required for gaseous diffusion?

1. Dense network of surrounding blood capillaries
2. Alveolar wall being only one cell thick
3. Moist inner lining dissolving gases
4. Presence of millions of microscopic sacs

4. How does oxygen reach individual body tissue cells in an insect like a grasshopper?

1. Hemoglobin in blood cells carries oxygen from spiracles to muscles
2. Air diffuses directly through tracheoles into body tissue cells
3. Oxygen diffuses into the moist outer cuticle and enters systemic circulation
4. Gills collect dissolved oxygen from body fluid

5. Why do fish die when kept out of water for an extended period, even though air has a higher percentage of oxygen than water?

1. Air lacks nitrogen required for fish respiration
2. Gill filaments stick together and dry out in air, drastically reducing surface area for diffusion
3. Fish spiracles automatically close when exposed to atmospheric air
4. Carbon dioxide cannot diffuse into open air from lamellae

6. Which change occurs during human inhalation?

1. The intercostal muscles relax and the ribcage moves downwards
2. The diaphragm muscle contracts and flattens
3. The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
4. The air pressure in the thoracic cavity increases above atmospheric pressure

7. By which process does gas exchange occur across the walls of alveoli and blood capillaries?

1. Active transport
2. Osmosis
3. Diffusion
4. Transpiration

8. What happens to guard cells during daytime to cause stomata to open?

1. Guard cells lose water, become flaccid, and shrink
2. Guard cells absorb water via osmosis, become turgid, and curve outwards
3. Guard cells stop photosynthesis and release all dissolved sugars
4. Guard cells swell up and block the pore opening

9. What physiological effect occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide gases enter human air passages?

1. They dissolve in blood plasma and increase oxygen transport
2. They irritate and cause inflammation of the respiratory tract lining
3. They cause immediate destruction of lung cilia without coughing
4. They turn red blood cells into white blood cells

10. An adult frog can perform gas exchange through its skin when submerged in moist soil. What feature allows its skin to be effective for gas exchange?

1. Presence of thick chitinous scales
2. Thin, moist skin richly supplied with blood capillaries underneath
3. Specialized spiracles embedded along the outer dermis
4. Large surface area covered by gill filaments